Control flow

Control flow allows you to direct the flow of code depending on the conditions which are given. Here are the main operators used in comparison evaluations.

Comparison operators

<

Less than.

>

Greater than.

>=

Greater than or equal to.

<=

Less than or equal to.

4 > 10   // false
'hi' > 'hello'    // true, checks if greater alphabetically
4 >= 3   // true

Conditionals

==

Equal to - doesn't have to be the same type.

===

Strict equal to - must be the same type.

!=

Not equal to.

The difference between the first two conditionals can be show by a simple example:

3 == '3' // true
3 === '3' // false, must be of same type
3 != 3    // false

Logical operators

The logical operators AND or OR allow you to group two evaluations together. An AND evaluates to true only if both sides of the expression are true, while an OR evaluates to true if either side is true.

To get the opposite of an evaluation, use the exclamation mark (!). This will turn a false into true and vice versa.

&&

AND operator

||

OR operators

!

NOT operator

!true;            // false
! (3 > 3)         // true
4 < 3 && 2 < 5;   // true
true || false     // true

Falsy and Truthy Values

It can be confusing to tell which values per data type evaluate to false or true. Let's go over them really quick.

Falsy values

Falsy values include the following:

var count;                   // no value assigned
count = false;               // boolean false
count = 0;                   // zero
count = '';                  // empty value
count = 10/'hello world!'    // NaN

Truthy Values

Truthy values include the following.

var highscore = true; // true boolean 
count = 1;            // numbers other than 0
count = 'carrot';     // non-empty string
count = 100/20;       // valid number
count = 'true';       // the string true
count = '0';          // any strings
count = 'false';      // 'false' the word as a string - non-empty

Short-circuiting values

If a value does not exist, it will evaluate to FALSE. We can take advantage of this with an OR statement

var name = 'Steven Hays';
var cadaver = (name || 'John Doe');

In this case, the cadaver will be assigned a name if it has one; otherwise, it'll be given the generic name John Doe.

Control flow with if and switch

Using if/else and switch statements, we can control how code is execution.

if statement

The if statement is closely similar to any other programming language. Remember to NOT close any if expression statements with a semicolon.

if (score > 10) {
  alert("Congratulatiosn! You got 100%!");
} else if (score > 8) {
  alert("Wow! You rocked that quiz!");
} else if (score > 7) {
  alert ("You passed");
} else {
  alert ("Please review your notes and try again.");
}

The alert() is a browser object model function takes in a string and outputs it as a pop-up dialog message to the user.

Ternary if statement

You may have a ternary if statement for cleaner code.

Take a look at the code below. The left-most statement is the conditional. If it evaluates to true, the middle statement is executed. If false, the right-most statement is executed.

(name == "John") ? "Hello John" : "Hello unknown person";

switch statement

If you have several else-if statements, you may want to consider using a switch statement.

The switch statement evaluates an expression or a given variable, then delegates the task to whichever case it matches. If no matches are found, then the default is run.

switch (language) {
  case 'en':
    greeting = 'Hello world';
    break;
  case 'fr':
    greeting = 'Bonjour le monde';
    break;
  case 'es':
    greeting = 'Hola mundo';
  default:
    greeting = 'Greetings, earthlings';
    break;
}

Make sure to place a break; command after every case - otherwise JavaScript will continue to execute the next case (which is something you'll most often not want).

Loops

Loops are used to repeat a block of statements a set number of times.

for loops

When using a for loop, you instantiate a counter variable (initialization), set a condition for the loop to run until (condition), then set some increment/decrement operator for the counter (update).

for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  // code statement blocks here to run 10 times.
} 

Here is a list of the steps per a for loop:

1. Initialize variable i to 0.
2. Check if i is less than 10. If not, exit the loop.
3. Run the code statements.
4. Increment i.
5. Go back to step 2 and repeat.

while loops

while loops are similar, but the only parameter needed is the condition. Before JavaScript runs the code block within this loop, it makes sure that the condition evaluates to true.

while (i < 10) {
  // Execute some commands
  i += 2; // update your counter, otherwise infinite loop.
}

do-while loops

To ensure that your code runs at least once, you may use a do-while loop. The do-while loop first executes, then checks your conditional statement.

do {
  // Execute a command block
  x += 1;
} while (x < 10);

break and continue

Two extremely helpful one-word statements used exclusively in loops are break and continue. The former exits out of the loop, while the latter pushes the JavaScript interpreter back up to the conditional statement.